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As sprawl becomes
a national issue, a small number of vocal critics are attacking the efforts
of citizens, public officials, public transportation advocates and environmentalists
who support smart growth. Here are a few of the messages (in the left hand
column) some developers and conservative think tanks have developed to
tar smart growth initiatives. In the right hand column are statements from
public officials, planners and others who are seeking answers and implementing
solutions to open space loss, traffic congestion
and exploding growth.
Myth: Sprawl Issue is an Elitist Issue
"...[M]any of the people who now grouse about
sprawl themselves live in spacious houses, own an SUV, owe their good fortunes
to the growth economy, and would be entirely outraged if there were not
ample roads, stores, restaurant, and parking wherever they want. They wish
everybody would get off the highway so that they can have the road to themselves."
Gregg Easterbrook, "Suburban Myth," The New Republic, March 15,
1999 |
FACT: Sprawl Affects Everyone
"It appears this [sprawl] message is being amplified
by the confluence of two population segments. People in newly developed
areas are clamoring for improved services, managed growth and some relief
from the increasing burdens of auto dependency. People in built communities
-- largely central cities, inner ring cities and urban counties -- want
more help for their particular needs, like updated infrastructure and facilities,
including rehabilitation of parks and libraries, and pedestrian- and neighborhood-oriented
improvements. People in existing communities also want more attention to
their needs now that we have spent more than two generations investing
in and building up the suburbs." -- Honorable
Paul Helmke, Mayor of Fort Wayne on behalf of the U.S. Conference of Mayors,
before the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, 3/17/99.
Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group, a trade association
representing over 130 of the largest Silicon Valley employers, including
Hewlett-Packard, Intel, and the IBM Corporation is widely recognized for
promoting smart growth initiatives. “High-tech employers recognize that
we will only be as successful as the employees that we attract,” says Carl
Guardino, President and CEO of the SVMG. “When it comes to transportation,
environmental, housing and land use decisions, we don’t view investments
as tax and spend, but rather as invest and prosper.”-- Profiles
of Business Leadership on Smart Growth: New Partnerships Demonstrate the
Economic Benefits of Reducing Sprawl, June 1999,
National Association of Local Government
Environmental
Professionals
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Myth: Quality of Life Issue Overblown
"Evidence on suburbanization and low density development
suggests suburbanization does not significantly threaten quality of life
for most people..."
--"The
Sprawling of America: In Defense of the Dynamic City," Report Number 251,
Reason Public Policy Institute. |
FACT: Quality of Life Issue Significant
On Election Day, 1998, voters spoke loudly in
favor of improving quality of life across the nation by overwhelmingly
approving more than 200 initiatives to curb urban sprawl. In New
Jersey, a voter-approved constitutional amendment set aside $98 million
for the next 30 years to help protect half of the state's developable land.
In California's Bay Area and Ventura County, voters approved a slew of
urban growth boundaries. -- See "Livability
at the Ballot Box: State and Local Referenda on Parks, Conservation, and
Smarter Growth, Election Day 1998," by Phyllis
Myers, State Resources Strategies |
Myth: Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) Single Reason
Why House Purchase Prices Soar
"The urban growth boundary forced construction
to move within city limits on smaller lots. That brought more congestion
to the city and sent housing prices soaring: Last year, Portland was the
second least-affordable city in the country, behind San Francisco, according
to an NAHB ranking."
-- "Smart Growth: Builders
are Using Reason and Sound Statistics to Loosen the Current Stranglehold
on Growth," Builder, July 1998. |
FACT: Average Cost of Home Within Portland
Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) Less Than Popular Cities Without UGBs
"Accelerating growth during a period of modest
wage increases has made housing less and less affordable in the [Portland]
region (like other high growth parts of the U.S.) However, the average
sale price of a home in the Portland metropolitan region in 1996 was only
$139,4000, about the same as Reno ($139,000) slightly more than Denver
($132,300) and less than San Diego ($173,600), Seattle ($163,800) and the
San Francisco Bay Area ($269,900)."
-- Overview and Accomplishments of the
Oregon and Metro Portland Planning Programs, Sept 1997. Home prices from
the National Association of Realtors, "Real Estate Outlook," September
1997.
"In recent boom years, the cost of housing has
been sharply on the rise in Portland. Opponents of the growth boundary
like to point out that Portland land prices, which were 19% below the U.S.
average in 1985, were 6% above it in 1994, and Portland has gone from being
the 55th most affordable city to a ranking of 165th
out of 179. They are less likely, however, to point out that housing prices
in some cities without growth boundaries have risen even more sharply than
those in Portland. Indeed, the question of how much of Portland's increase
is attributable to the growth boundary and how much stems from the city's
prosperity is in dispute."
-- Christopher Leo, Mary Ann Beavis; Andrew
Carver; Robyne Turner, "Is Urban Sprawl Back on the Political Agenda? Local
Growth Control, Regional Growth Management, and Politics," Urban Affairs
Review, Nov. 1998 Vol. 34 No. 2 p. 179 |
Myth: Land Loss Threat Overblown
"The threat of sprawl is vastly overblown....The
anti-sprawl crusaders...are myopically focusing on small corners of the
country. Developed land accounts for less than 5 percent of the total land
area in the continental United States. And for all the rhetoric about "vanishing
farmland," the amount of farmland isn't declining significantly. The rate
of farmland loss -- which is driven more by falling commodity prices than
by development pressures -- is actually lower today than in the 1960s and
'70s." -- Steven Hayward, "Suburban Legends," National Review, March
22, 1999. |
FACT: Land Loss Significant
"Yet the numbers ignore the fact that much of
the agricultural land converted to urban uses is prime cropland located
near cities. Of the total U.S. agricultural production, 58% comes from
counties in, or adjacent to, metropolitan areas (Grossi 1993). In a study
of 135 fast-growing counties (see Vesterby, Heimlich, and Krupa 1994),
43% of the counties' cropland was identified as prime (land most efficiently
suited to producing row, forage, and fiber crops). Of the cropland already
converted to urban use in the 135 counties by the 1970s, 40% was prime
farmland. Although some cropland converted to urban uses can be replaced
by forest and rangeland, the agricultural productivity of converted land
is lost permanently. Once land is converted to an urban use, it tends to
stay urban (Vesterby, Heimlich, and Krupa 1994)." -- Christopher Leo, et
al., "Is Urban Sprawl Back on the Political Agenda? Local Growth Control,
Regional Growth Management, and Politics," Urban Affairs Review,
Nov. 1998 Vol. 34 No. 2 p. 179 |
Myth: Controls on Development Trample Individual
Property Rights
"President Clinton and VP Gore announced January
12th a $1 billion per year program for land acquisition. It is called the
"Lands Legacy Initiative" and will ultimately help convert the Land and
Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) into an unappropriated trust fund....Land
acquisition has always been used as a weapon to regulate and control private
landowners" -- American
Lands Right Association. |
FACT: Development Makes Significant Demands
on Public Funds, Infrastructure and Services
"It is ironic that developers use 'property rights'
to counter efforts to combat sprawl. Most property owners in this country
are homeowners, and many are watching their property values and property
rights decline as uncontrolled growth clogs highways, damages the environment
and undermines quality of life. Limits on sprawl promote the property rights
of most property owners."
--Timothy Dowling, Chief Counsel,
The Community Rights Counsel, 1/18/99. |
Myth: Suburban Sprawl is a Product of the
Free Market
"In market economies, the value people place
on different goods, services, and resources are reflected in prices.
These values are a product of the choices people and families make about
what goods and services they want to buy given their income." The
Sprawling of America: In Defense of the Dynamic City," Report Number 251,
Reason Public Policy Institute. |
FACT: Public Policies Provide Incentives to
Develop in Suburbs
"In a true market economy, business operates
without subsidy from government, leaving consumers to decide the winners
and losers. The real estate development business is the antithesis of that
approach. It is entirely dependent on public investment in roads and sewers
and other infrastructure." American City & County, Sep 1887 v 112n10p18(8)
"Highway construction, mortgage policies, flood
plain insurance, fragmented property tax systems, and favorable tax treatment
towards house sales and mortgage all shape the "market" to encourage sprawl."
Ed McMahon, Planner
Commissioners Journal, Issue 26, page 4.
"The annual costs of building and maintaining
highways and roads are paid by governments at all levels. In 1989, federal,
state, and local governments spent roughly $33 billion constructing improving
and rehabilitating highways, streets, and roads." James J. MacKenzie, Roger
C. Dower and Donald D.T. Chen, The
Going Rate: What It Really Costs to Drive (World Resources Institute,
June 1992), section IV, page 9
"Federal Housing Administration and Veterans Administration
mortgage guarantees are estimated to have financed more than a quarter
of all single-family homes built in the postwar period." Pietro S. Nivolo,
"Fat City: Understanding American Urban
Form from a Transatlantic Perspective,"Brookings
Review, page 17. |
Myth: "Smart Growth" is the Newest Rationale
for Government Growth
"He [Gore] proposes $10 billion of "Better
America Bonds" to prod communities to enhance their 'livability' by planning
'smart growth,' particularly to preserve green space."
"But Gore's environmentalism seems to make everything
government's business: Society is manageable and so should be managed by
the far-seeing and fastidious political class." -- George F. Will,
"Al Gore Has a New Worry," Newsweek, February 15, 1999. |
Fact: Smart Growth is a "Bottom-Up" Movement
On Election Day, 1998, voters spoke loudly in
favor of improving quality of life across the nation by overwhelmingly
approving more than 200 initiatives to curb urban sprawl. In New
Jersey, a voter-approved constitutional amendment set aside $98 million
for the next 30 years to help protect half of the state's developable land.
In California's Bay Area and Ventura County, voters approved a slew of
urban growth boundaries.
-- See Phyllis Myers, "Livability
at the Ballot Box: State and Local Referenda on Parks, Conservation, and
Smarter Growth, Election Day 1998," State Resources Strategies |
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